In an APEX application it is possible to change parameters in the URL and thereby maybe access information that you are not supposed to have access to. This URL tampering can be prevented by using Session State Protection (SSP).
Do note that even though SSP helps to prevent URL tampering, there should really be other security measures on the pages and/or in the database to prevent unauthorized access. On the page you can prevent access to the whole page or objects on the page via authorization schemes. In the database you can for example use triggers or Virtual Private Database (VPD) also known as Fine Grained Access Control (FGAC) to prevent access.